Jingle (XEP-0166) [1] can be used to initiate and negotiate a wide range of peer-to-peer sessions, including Jingle RTP Sessions (XEP-0167) [2] (mainly for voice and video) using the Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP; see RFC 3550 [3]). This document describes call flows for so-called "early media" using Jingle.
The term "early media" refers to media that is exchanged before a responder has definitively accepted a session request generated by an initiator or before end-to-end connectivity has been established (e.g., the media could be generated by an intermediate call manager or media relay). Early media is typically used to send ringing tones and announcements, using either audio streams or Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) events.
In Jingle, the exchange of early media is established through use of the "content-add" action. In order to match the usage specified in RFC 3959 [4] and RFC 3960 [5], when adding a content definition for early media the value of the <content/> element's 'disposition' attribute MUST be "early-session" for mapping to a SIP Content-Disposition header value of "early-session". This enables endpoints or intermediate gateways to apply the application server model described in RFC 3960 [5].
An entity that generates a content-add message for early media SHOULD specify the same codecs for both session media and early media (however, it is possible that the entity that generates the early media does not generate the session media, for example in the case of an intermediate gateway or application server; in this case the entity MUST use one of the codecs advertised by the initiator).
Upon receiving a content-add message specifying the use of early media, the initiator's client SHOULD acknowledge the content-add, complete any required transport negotiation, and then send a content-accept (or content-reject) to the sender. When the responder subsequently sends a session-accept message, the acceptance MUST NOT be construed to include the content definition whose disposition is "early-session".
In handling early media and deciding whether to generate local ringing or to play early media received from the responder or an intermediate gateway, the initiator's client SHOULD proceed as follows:
For examples of early media, see the Jingle Audio via RTP with Early Media section of this document.
In this scenario, Romeo initiates a voice chat with Juliet using a transport method of ICE-UDP. There is a gateway between Romeo and Juliet, and the gateway functions as an application server by returning early media to Romeo (perhaps some late medieval hold music or an old-fashioned IVR interaction). To simplify the flow, we have left out any ringing notifications generated by Juliet.
The session flow is as follows.
Romeo Gateway Juliet | | | | session-initiate | | | (audio definition) | | |------------------------>| session-initiate | | ack |------------------------>| |<------------------------| | | content-add | ack | | (early media) x<------------------------| |<------------------------| | | ack | | |------------------------>| | | [TRANSPORT SETUP] | | |<----------------------->| | | content-accept | | |------------------------>| | | ack | | |<------------------------| | | EARLY MEDIA (RTP) | | |<=======================>| | | | session-accept | | |<------------------------| | session-accept | | |<------------------------| | | ack | | |------------------------>| ack | | |------------------------>| | AUDIO (RTP) | |<=================================================>| | | session-terminate | | |<------------------------| | session-terminate | | |<------------------------| | | ack | | |------------------------>| ack | | |------------------------>| | | |
The protocol flow is as follows, showing only the stanzas sent between Romeo and the gateway (acting on Juliet's behalf).
<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
id='ox73bf9h'
to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
type='set'>
<jingle xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:1'
action='session-initiate'
initiator='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
sid='a73sjjvkla37jfea'>
<content creator='initiator' name='voice'>
<description xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:apps:rtp:1' media='audio'>
<payload-type id='96' name='speex' clockrate='16000'/>
<payload-type id='97' name='speex' clockrate='8000'/>
<payload-type id='18' name='G729'/>
<payload-type id='103' name='L16' clockrate='16000' channels='2'/>
<payload-type id='98' name='x-ISAC' clockrate='8000'/>
</description>
<transport xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:transports:ice-udp:1'
pwd='asd88fgpdd777uzjYhagZg'
ufrag='8hhy'>
<candidate component='1'
foundation='1'
generation='0'
id='el0747fg11'
ip='10.0.1.1'
network='1'
port='8998'
priority='2130706431'
protocol='udp'
type='host'/>
<candidate component='1'
foundation='2'
generation='0'
id='y3s2b30v3r'
ip='192.0.2.3'
network='1'
port='45664'
priority='1694498815'
protocol='udp'
rel-addr='10.0.1.1'
rel-port='8998'
type='srflx'/>
</transport>
</content>
</jingle>
</iq>
<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
id='ox73bf9h'
to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
type='result'/>
Now the gateway sends a content-add message to Romeo while waiting for Juliet to pay attention to her telephony interface. It specifies a transport method of Raw UDP because it hosts its own media relay.
<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
id='s12f7hb5'
to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
type='set'>
<jingle xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:1'
action='content-add'
initiator='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
sid='a73sjjvkla37jfea'>
<content creator='responder'
disposition='early-session'
name='hold music'
senders='responder'>
<description xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:apps:rtp:1' media='audio'>
<payload-type id='18' name='G729'/>
</description>
<transport xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:transports:raw-udp:1'
pwd='YH75Fviy6338Vbrhrlp8Yh'
ufrag='9uB6'>
<candidate component='1'
generation='0'
id='a9j3mnbtu1'
ip='10.1.1.104'
port='13540'/>
</transport>
</content>
</jingle>
</iq>
Romeo then acknowledges the content-add action.
<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
id='s12f7hb5'
to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
type='result'/>
Because the gateway (on behalf of the responder) specified a transport method of Raw UDP for the early session data, in accordance with the Jingle Raw UDP Transport Method the initiator then SHOULD also send a Raw UDP candidate to the gateway in a transport-info message.
<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
id='xk2d1a85'
to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
type='set'>
<jingle xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:1'
action='transport-info'
initiator='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
responder='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
sid='a73sjjvkla37jfea'>
<content creator='initiator' name='voice'>
<description xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:apps:rtp:1' media='audio'>
<payload-type id='18' name='G729'/>
</description>
<transport xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:transports:raw-udp:1'>
<candidate component='1'
generation='0'
id='z7sdjb01hf'
ip='208.68.163.214'
port='9876'/>
<candidate component='2'
generation='0'
id='hg92lsn10b'
ip='208.68.163.214'
port='9877'/>
</transport>
</content>
</jingle>
</iq>
The gateway would acknowledge receipt of the candidate (not shown here) and both parties would attempt to establish connectivity for early media using the communicated transports.
Eventually the initiator would send a content-accept to the gateway.
<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
id='l8h4bg8q'
to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
type='set'>
<jingle xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:1'
action='content-accept'
initiator='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
sid='a73sjjvkla37jfea'>
<content creator='responder'
disposition='early-session'
name='hold music'
senders='responder'>
<description xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:apps:rtp:1' media='audio'>
<payload-type id='18' name='G729'/>
</description>
<transport xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:transports:raw-udp:1'/>
</content>
</jingle>
</iq>
The gateway then acknowledges the acceptance on behalf of Juliet.
<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
id='l8h4bg8q'
to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
type='result'/>
Because Romeo has attempted to send test media to the gateway as described in Jingle Raw UDP Transport Method (XEP-0177) [6], he has exposed an IP/port to which the gateway can now send early media via the media relay that it hosts.
Eventually, the responder sends a session-accept.
<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
id='vh3bf781'
to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
type='set'>
<jingle xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:1'
action='session-accept'
initiator='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
responder='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
sid='a73sjjvkla37jfea'>
<content creator='initiator' name='voice'>
<description xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:apps:rtp:1' media='audio'>
<payload-type id='97' name='speex' clockrate='8000'/>
<payload-type id='18' name='G729'/>
</description>
<transport xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:transports:ice-udp:1'>
<candidate component='1'
foundation='1'
generation='0'
id='or2ii2syr1'
ip='192.0.2.1'
network='0'
port='3478'
priority='2130706431'
protocol='udp'
type='host'/>
</transport>
</content>
</jingle>
</iq>
<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
id='vh3bf781'
to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
type='result'/>
Once end-to-end connectivity is established (which might necessitate the exchange of additional candidates via transport-info messages), the parties begin to exchange media; as a result, Romeo and the gateway terminate the exchange of early media (this does not necessitate exchange of a content-remove message, since the endpoint and the gateway can simply stop sending media).
The endpoints can continue the session as long as desired.
Eventually, one of the endpoints terminates the session.
<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
id='gi49vx54'
to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
type='set'>
<jingle xmlns='urn:xmpp:jingle:1'
action='session-terminate'
initiator='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
sid='a73sjjvkla37jfea'>
<reason>
<success/>
<text>Sorry, gotta go!</text>
</reason>
</jingle>
</iq>
The other party then acknowledges termination of the session.
<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
id='gi49vx54'
to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
type='result'/>
For security considerations, refer to Jingle RTP Sessions (XEP-0167) [2].
This document requires no interaction with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) [7].
This document requires no interaction with the XMPP Registrar [8].
This document in other formats: XML PDF
This XMPP Extension Protocol is copyright © 1999 – 2024 by the XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF).
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this specification (the "Specification"), to make use of the Specification without restriction, including without limitation the rights to implement the Specification in a software program, deploy the Specification in a network service, and copy, modify, merge, publish, translate, distribute, sublicense, or sell copies of the Specification, and to permit persons to whom the Specification is furnished to do so, subject to the condition that the foregoing copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Specification. Unless separate permission is granted, modified works that are redistributed shall not contain misleading information regarding the authors, title, number, or publisher of the Specification, and shall not claim endorsement of the modified works by the authors, any organization or project to which the authors belong, or the XMPP Standards Foundation.
## NOTE WELL: This Specification is provided on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ##
In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall the XMPP Standards Foundation or any author of this Specification be liable for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising from, out of, or in connection with the Specification or the implementation, deployment, or other use of the Specification (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses), even if the XMPP Standards Foundation or such author has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
This XMPP Extension Protocol has been contributed in full conformance with the XSF's Intellectual Property Rights Policy (a copy of which can be found at <https://xmpp.org/about/xsf/ipr-policy> or obtained by writing to XMPP Standards Foundation, P.O. Box 787, Parker, CO 80134 USA).
The HTML representation (you are looking at) is maintained by the XSF. It is based on the YAML CSS Framework, which is licensed under the terms of the CC-BY-SA 2.0 license.
The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is defined in the XMPP Core (RFC 6120) and XMPP IM (RFC 6121) specifications contributed by the XMPP Standards Foundation to the Internet Standards Process, which is managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force in accordance with RFC 2026. Any protocol defined in this document has been developed outside the Internet Standards Process and is to be understood as an extension to XMPP rather than as an evolution, development, or modification of XMPP itself.
There exists a special venue for discussion related to the technology described in this document: the <jingle@xmpp.org> mailing list.
The primary venue for discussion of XMPP Extension Protocols is the <standards@xmpp.org> discussion list.
Discussion on other xmpp.org discussion lists might also be appropriate; see <https://xmpp.org/community/> for a complete list.
Given that this XMPP Extension Protocol normatively references IETF technologies, discussion on the <xsf-ietf@xmpp.org> list might also be appropriate.
Errata can be sent to <editor@xmpp.org>.
The following requirements keywords as used in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119: "MUST", "SHALL", "REQUIRED"; "MUST NOT", "SHALL NOT"; "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED"; "SHOULD NOT", "NOT RECOMMENDED"; "MAY", "OPTIONAL".
1. XEP-0166: Jingle <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0166.html>.
2. XEP-0167: Jingle RTP Sessions <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0167.html>.
3. RFC 3550: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550>.
4. RFC 3959: The Early Session Disposition Type for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3959>.
5. RFC 3960: Early Media and Ringing Tone Generation in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3960>.
6. XEP-0177: Jingle Raw UDP Transport Method <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0177.html>.
7. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the central coordinator for the assignment of unique parameter values for Internet protocols, such as port numbers and URI schemes. For further information, see <http://www.iana.org/>.
8. The XMPP Registrar maintains a list of reserved protocol namespaces as well as registries of parameters used in the context of XMPP extension protocols approved by the XMPP Standards Foundation. For further information, see <https://xmpp.org/registrar/>.
Note: Older versions of this specification might be available at https://xmpp.org/extensions/attic/
Initial version, copied from XEP-0167.
@report{cionoiu2009n/a,
title = {Jingle Early Media},
author = {Cionoiu, Diana and Saint-Andre, Peter},
type = {XEP},
number = {0269},
version = {0.1},
institution = {XMPP Standards Foundation},
url = {https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0269.html},
date = {2009-05-19/2009-05-19},
}END